11^th Annual Conference on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine October 15-16, 2018 Amsterdam, Netherlands

The process of “replacing tissues or organs, engineering or regenerating human cells to restore or establish normal function” is generally termed as Regenerative medicine. Regenerative medicine is a branch of Translational Research in the areas of tissue engineering and molecular biology. Regenerative medicine stimulates the body’s own repair mechanisms to engineer the damaged tissues and organs.

Bioprocessing is a technology used for transferring the current laboratory-based practice of stem cell tissue culture to the clinical research as therapeutics necessitates for the application of engineering principles and practices to achieve control, automation, safety, validation and reproducibility of the process and the product. Biobanks are the type of biorepositories which collects, processes, stores and distributes biospecimens to support future scientific investigation. This plays an important role in helping the researchers providing the background knowledge of the subject.

The anatomical region where stem cells are found in a shallow recess is referred to a stem-cell niche. It refers to a microenvironment with reference to the in vivo or in vitro stem cells; they even interact with stem cells to regulate cell fate. Various niche factors act on embryonic stem cells to induce their proliferation or differentiation for the development of the fetus and in altering the gene expression during the embryonic development. In the human body, stem cells maintain the adult stem cells in a dormancy state, but during the tissue injury it actively signals to stem cells to promote either self-renewal or differentiation to form a new tissue.

Tissue regeneration is a branch of Regenerative medicine which deals with the study of regrowth or repair of the damaged or lost tissues in response to the injury. Non-injured tissues by default have expanded cells in the formation over time, but the new cells formed in response to the injury replaces the expanded cells in closing up the wounded site leaving a scar mark on the skin. For example, an injured cell is regenerated in 4-5 weeks, whereas a non-injured cell regenerates in just 3-4 days.

Embryonic Stem cell is a broad type of Stem cell, which is also known as pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst, an early stage of pre-implantation embryo. Human embryos consist of 50-150 cells when they reach the blastocyst stage in 4-5 days of post fertilization. The destruction of the blastocyst mainly results in the isolation of the embryoblast or inner cell mass, which ethically raises issues in the post-implantation stage of development whether embryos at the pre-implantation stage should be considered to have the same moral or legal status or not. 

The medical procedure in which the organ from an individual is made to remove and place in the other individual is referred as transplantation. In stem cell transplantation, the stem cells are made to remove first, a high dose of chemotherapy or radiation therapy is given to destroy diseased cells. The extracted stem cells are made to implant in the patient, where they produce new blood and immune cells replacing the cells destroyed by the treatment.

The process of research or discover of a medicine for a disease is generally called as drug discovery. In contrast, patient specific drug discovery is a process of inventing a drug by considering the pros and cons and the anatomical conditions of the patient. The general medicine is discovered on the basis of the active ingredient from traditional remedies or serendipitous discovery. It can also be referred as personalized medicine, which separates patients into different categories.

Biomedicine is a branch of medicine biology which deals with the study of biological and physiological principles to clinical practice. It can be related to many categories under the health care and biological related fields. Delivering of the drug to the body, biostatistical analysis, molecular medicine, and Nano medicine can be sub-categorized under Biomedicine. For example, the mechanism of delivering the drug describes the information about the drug being delivered in a biological concept.

Adult Stem cell is a broad type of stem cells, which exhibits an ability to divide or self-renew cells in an indefinite manner, to generate different types of cell of organs to form, from which they have been originated and potentially regenerating the entire organ from a large number of cells. There are no such controversial issues with scientific researches for the use of adult stem cells, unlike the embryonic stem cells.

Alterations in the cells, tissues or fluids of molecular, cellular or biochemical that are measured and evaluated to indicate normal processes like biological, pathogenic or pharmacologic, which responses to a therapeutic interventions is defined as biomarkers or biological markers. Biomarkers used to isolate and identify stem cells which are genes and their protein products are defined as Stem cell markers.

Designing and developing a supportive medical product with the aid of trending technology to create a solution to the problems faced by the individuals with the impairments in the functional areas like mobility, communications, hearing, vision, and cognition is studied under the subject Rehabilitation Engineering. In contrast, the rehabilitation engineering gives a supportive mechanism for the humans with functional impairments, whereas regenerative medicine tries out to bring back the disabled organ to the original form.

It has been stated that stem cells have an ability to produce a large number of cells which in turn helps in forming the destroyed tissue or an organ. In contrast, stem cells can also be aided in repairing the damaged organs, in which the mechanism carries out in two different options: support mechanism and replace option. The support mechanism of the stem cell is regeneration or the regrowth of the tissue or organ cells avoiding detrimental fibrosis. The replace option of the stem cell is to transplant the stem cell.

An experimental technique which uses the genetic cell in the modification of the stem cells in the treatment or prevention of the disease is referred to as the combined Gene and Stem cell therapy. The therapy in general influences the course of different genetic and multi factorial diseases at the DNA/RNA level. The stem cells used in the gene therapy is a valid one which has a complex consequence for treating a variety of diseases, where most don’t have a cure.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the cancer cells found within tumors or haematological regions that possess characteristics related to the normal stem cell. Cancer stem cells specifically have an ability to give rise to all cell types found in a particular cancer sample. CSCs are tumorigenic which form tumors cells; they generate tumors by self-renewal or rapid division of the cells differentiating into multiple cell type. These cells give rise to new tumors by metastasis and relapse caused by hypothesizing    the stem cells to persist in tumors as a distinct population.

3D printing is a 3-dimentional printing machine which gives the information of a 2D image in the form of 3D object. The layer of materials to form a 3D object is controlled by the computer by providing geometry of the object. 3D Bioprinting aids Tissue Engineering by providing an in depth information of the image and structure analysis of the image, which helps in solving the critical problems. Biofabrication is referred to the production of artificial tissues or organs to address health challenges in medicine. It often uses the principle of 3D Bioprinting to form cells, gels and fibres into an organ.